「エストニア語/直接法の動詞と対格」の版間の差分
M →Example Phrases: Column width and he/she |
It's easier if we keep track of all the vocabulary |
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2015年12月10日 (木) 07:19時点における版
In this lesson we'll learn about the Indicative mood of verbs and the Accusative (ACC) case.
Accusative case
Without the Accusative case, we can't form transitive verbs that allow nouns to affect other nouns. The Estonian Nominative case marks the subject and the Accusative case marks the direct object. Here are some examples of declension:
English | Nominative | Genitive | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|
this | see | selle | seda |
home | kodu | kodu | kodu |
house | maja | maja | maja |
curtain | kardin | kardina | kardinat |
machine | masin | masina | masinat |
book | raamat | raamatu | raamatut |
dog | koer | koera | .koera |
cat | kass | kassi | .kassi |
I/me | mina | minu | .mind |
you (singular) | sina | sinu | .sind |
him/her | tema | tema | teda |
The last two provide an example of the Estonian Long and Overlong "quantities" or "stress". The syllables that are Overlong are marked with a dot. In Estonian, the stress in a word is usually on the first syllable. The stress on Overlong words is required (but not always incomprehensible to the listener), and the overlong syllable can be stretched 'forever' while Long syllables cannot.
.kassi can be stretched easily from the ss without becoming incomprehensible. .koera can be stretched from the e, or the oe diphtong, although the latter might be more difficult for the listener (and the speaker). Not all Accusative cases infer the Overlong quantity, and this makes Estonian cases for each word more difficult to remember. The last 3 words in the table are the singular pronouns - two of these are Overlong but have only one syllable.
Morphological types
The Estonian Language Institute publishes with each grammatical dictionary a list of morphological types (muuttüübid) that classify each noun, adjective and verb according to a type number for words that decline or conjugate in a similar way. There are 26 types for words that decline (nouns and adjectives) and 11 types for words that conjugate (verbs).
First Estonian verbs
English Infinitive |
Indicative Present | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I mina | you sina | he/she tema | we meie | you teie | they nemad | |
to be | olen | oled | on | oleme | olete | on |
to know | tean | tead | teab | teame | teate | teavad |
to want | tahan | tahad | tahab | tahame | tahate | tahavad |
to see | näen | näed | näeb | näeme | näete | näevad |
to hear | kuulen | kuuled | kuuleb | kuuleme | kuulete | kuulevad |
to eat | söön | sööd | sööb | sööme | sööte | söövad |
to look for | otsin | otsid | otsib | otsime | otsite | otsivad |
to read | loen | loed | loeb | loeme | loete | loevad |
Example Phrases
Estonian has no definite or indefinite articles, so "a/an" and "the" can be used interchangeably.
Words that might need explanation are in bold and can be hovered over to reveal their meaning and/or case. The meaning of the entire phrase can be revealed by clicking on Translation.
See on tüdruku õun Translation
This is a/the girl's apple
That is a/the girl's apple Translation
He/She eats a/the apple
He/She is eating a/the apple Translation
This house is my home
Translation
He/She wants an/the apple
Translation
You (singular) know that
Translation
I hear you
Translation
I read a book
I am reading a book Translation
The boy is looking for the girl's dog
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