「エストニア語/直接法の動詞と対格」の版間の差分

出典: フリー教科書『ウィキブックス(Wikibooks)』
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M →‎Example Phrases: Column width and he/she
It's easier if we keep track of all the vocabulary
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|masina
|masina
|masinat
|masinat
|-
|book
|raamat
|raamatu
|raamatut
|-
|-
|dog
|dog
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|otsite
|otsite
|otsivad
|otsivad
|-
|to read
|loen
|loed
|loeb
|loeme
|loete
|loevad
|}
|}



2015年12月10日 (木) 07:19時点における版

In this lesson we'll learn about the Indicative mood of verbs and the Accusative (ACC) case.

Accusative case

Without the Accusative case, we can't form transitive verbs that allow nouns to affect other nouns. The Estonian Nominative case marks the subject and the Accusative case marks the direct object. Here are some examples of declension:

English Nominative Genitive Accusative
this see selle seda
home kodu kodu kodu
house maja maja maja
curtain kardin kardina kardinat
machine masin masina masinat
book raamat raamatu raamatut
dog koer koera .koera
cat kass kassi .kassi
I/me mina minu .mind
you (singular) sina sinu .sind
him/her tema tema teda

The last two provide an example of the Estonian Long and Overlong "quantities" or "stress". The syllables that are Overlong are marked with a dot. In Estonian, the stress in a word is usually on the first syllable. The stress on Overlong words is required (but not always incomprehensible to the listener), and the overlong syllable can be stretched 'forever' while Long syllables cannot.

.kassi can be stretched easily from the ss without becoming incomprehensible. .koera can be stretched from the e, or the oe diphtong, although the latter might be more difficult for the listener (and the speaker). Not all Accusative cases infer the Overlong quantity, and this makes Estonian cases for each word more difficult to remember. The last 3 words in the table are the singular pronouns - two of these are Overlong but have only one syllable.

Morphological types

The Estonian Language Institute publishes with each grammatical dictionary a list of morphological types (muuttüübid) that classify each noun, adjective and verb according to a type number for words that decline or conjugate in a similar way. There are 26 types for words that decline (nouns and adjectives) and 11 types for words that conjugate (verbs).

First Estonian verbs

English
Infinitive
Indicative Present
I mina you sina he/she tema we meie you teie they nemad
to be olen oled on oleme olete on
to know tean tead teab teame teate teavad
to want tahan tahad tahab tahame tahate tahavad
to see näen näed näeb näeme näete näevad
to hear kuulen kuuled kuuleb kuuleme kuulete kuulevad
to eat söön sööd sööb sööme sööte söövad
to look for otsin otsid otsib otsime otsite otsivad
to read loen loed loeb loeme loete loevad

Example Phrases

Estonian has no definite or indefinite articles, so "a/an" and "the" can be used interchangeably.

Words that might need explanation are in bold and can be hovered over to reveal their meaning and/or case. The meaning of the entire phrase can be revealed by clicking on Translation.

See on tüdruku õun Ta sööb õuna See maja on minu kodu Ta tahab õuna Sina tead seda Ma kuulen sind Ma loen raamatut Poiss otsib tüdruku koera