エストニア語/格と代名詞

The Estonian language includes declension, in which the role of nouns and adjectives in text is shown by their case. Here is a full list of the 14 cases used in Estonian with examples in singular:

#	Name (eng)	Name (est)	Example noun (singular)	Question (inanimate)	Example adjective (singular)	Question	Positional	Non-Positional	Derived from
I	Nominative	Nimetav (naming)	see (this)	mis?	selline (like this)	missugune? milline?	-	subject	-
II	Genitive	Omastav (owning)	selle	mille?	sellise	missuguse? millise?	-	having-determiner whole	-
III	Accusative	Osastav (partitive)	seda	mida?	sellist	missugust? millist?	-	direct object partitive	-
IV	Illative	Sisseütlev (into-saying)	sellesse	millesse?	sellisesse	missugusesse? millisesse?	into	-	II
V	Inessive	Seesütlev (in-saying)	selles	milles?	sellises	missuguses? millises?	in	-	II
VI	Elative	Seestütlev (out-of-saying)	sellest	millest?	sellisest	missugusest? millisest?	out of	-	II
VII	Allative	Alaleütlev (onto-field-saying)	sellele	millele?	sellisele	missugusele? millisele?	onto	dative/giving	II
VIII	Adessive	Alalütlev (on-field-saying)	sellel	millel?	sellisel	missugusel? millisel?	on	having	II
IX	Ablative	Alaltütlev (off-of-field-saying)	sellelt	millelt?	selliselt	missuguselt? milliselt?	off of	taking	II
X	Translative	Saav (becoming)	selleks	milleks?	selliseks	milliseks? missuguseks?	-	-	II
XI	Terminative	Rajav (establishing)	selleni	milleni?	selliseni	missuguseni? milliseni?	up to/until	-	II
XII	Essive	Olev (being)	sellena	millena?	sellisena	missugusena? millisena?	as	-	II
XIII	Abessive	Ilmaütlev (without-saying)	selleta	milleta?	selliseta	missuguseta? milliseta?	without	-	II
XIV	Comitative	Kaasaütlev (with-saying)	sellega	millega?	sellisega	missugusega? millisega?	with	-	II

Each form of each noun or adjective can only be in one case at a time. A single case can have many different uses. The endings of the last four cases are memorized with the mnemonic "ninataga" (behind the nose).

Pronouns

Estonian pronouns have long and short forms. Here are the singular Estonian pronouns in the first three cases:

English	Nominative	- short	Genitive	- short	Accusative	- short
I	mina	ma	minu	mu	mind	-
you (singular)	sina	sa	sinu	su	sind	-
he/she	tema	ta	tema	ta	teda	-

First Estonian words

Vocabulary

Pronunciation is written according to Pronunciation respelling key テンプレート:Col-begin

• ja [ee-a] - and
• laps [ləps] - child
• mees [me-s] - man
• naine [NAEYE-ne] - woman
• poiss [poyss] - boy
• tüdruk [TEW-druk] - girl
• õun [own] - apple
• toit [toyt] - food

Phrases

Here are some phrases that do not include verbs.

Words that are in forms that haven't been learned yet are in bold and can be hovered over to reveal their meaning and case. The meaning of the entire phrase can be revealed by clicking on Translation.

• Mehe ja naise laps

Translation 

The man and woman's child
A man's and a woman's child

• Lapse õun

Translation 

The child's apple
A child's apple

• Naine, laps ja õun

Translation 

Woman, child and apple

• Poisi ja tüdruku toit

Translation 

The boy's and girl's food